褪黑激素（Melatonin）
Overview
Melatonin is a hormone naturally produced by the pineal gland that regulates the sleep-wake cycle. As a supplement, it is used to treat insomnia and jet lag.
Mechanism of Action
It binds to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, promoting sleep onset and helping to synchronize circadian rhythms.
Dosage and Administration
Typical doses range from 1 mg to 5 mg taken 30 to 60 minutes before bedtime. It is best used for short-term adjustment of sleep schedules.
Side Effects
Generally well-tolerated, but can cause daytime drowsiness, headache, dizziness, and vivid dreams.
Contraindications
Avoid use in individuals with autoimmune diseases, and caution is advised in pregnant or breastfeeding women.
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