乳果糖（Lactulose）
Overview
Lactulose is an osmotic laxative used to treat chronic constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It works by drawing water into the bowel to soften stools.
Mechanism of Action
It is a synthetic disaccharide that is broken down by gut bacteria into lactic and acetic acids. This lowers the colonic pH and increases osmotic pressure, drawing water into the bowel and stimulating peristalsis.
Dosage and Administration
For constipation, the usual starting dose is 15-30 ml daily, which can be adjusted based on response. It may take 48 hours to see an effect.
Side Effects
Common side effects include flatulence, bloating, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea if the dose is too high.
Contraindications
It is contraindicated in patients with galactosemia or bowel obstruction.
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