哌甲酯（Methylphenidate）
Overview
Methylphenidate, commonly known by the brand name Ritalin, is a central nervous system stimulant used as a primary treatment for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy.
Mechanism of Action
It blocks the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine into the presynaptic neurons, increasing the concentration of these neurotransmitters in the extraneuronal space. This enhances focus, attention, and impulse control in patients with ADHD.
Dosage and Administration
Dosage is highly individualized. It is available in immediate-release, sustained-release, and extended-release formulations. It is usually taken in the morning to prevent insomnia. Doses are carefully titrated by a physician.
Side Effects
Common side effects include decreased appetite, weight loss, insomnia, nervousness, and increased heart rate. Long-term use in children requires monitoring of growth, as it may cause slight delays in height and weight gain.
Contraindications
Contraindicated in patients with marked anxiety, tension, agitation, glaucoma, or a history of Tourette’s syndrome. It should not be used concurrently with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs).
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