甲硝唑（Metronidazole）
Overview
Metronidazole is an antibiotic and antiprotozoal medication used to treat a wide variety of infections, including bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, and certain gastrointestinal infections.
Mechanism of Action
It enters the bacterial or protozoal cell and undergoes reduction by intracellular electron transport proteins. The reduced form interacts with DNA, causing loss of helical DNA structure and strand breakage, leading to cell death.
Dosage and Administration
Can be administered orally, topically, or vaginally. For bacterial vaginosis, it is often given as a 500 mg oral dose twice daily for 7 days, or as a single 2 g dose for trichomoniasis.
Side Effects
Common side effects include nausea, a metallic taste in the mouth, headache, and dark urine. Consuming alcohol while taking metronidazole can cause a severe disulfiram-like reaction (nausea, vomiting, flushing).
Contraindications
Contraindicated in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to metronidazole. Alcohol consumption must be strictly avoided during treatment and for at least 48 hours after the last dose.
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