普萘洛爾（Propranolol）
Overview
Propranolol is a non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor blocker with a wide range of indications, including hypertension, angina, arrhythmias, migraine prophylaxis, and performance anxiety.
Mechanism of Action
It competitively blocks both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors, resulting in decreased heart rate, reduced cardiac output, and constriction of airways.
Dosage and Administration
Dosage varies greatly depending on the indication. For hypertension, starting doses are usually 40 mg twice daily. For anxiety, smaller doses like 10-40 mg may be used before an event.
Side Effects
Common side effects include fatigue, cold extremities, sleep disturbances, and bradycardia. Due to beta-2 blockade, it can cause bronchospasm.
Contraindications
Strictly contraindicated in patients with bronchial asthma or a history of severe bronchospasm.
Pregnancy and Lactation
Use with caution during pregnancy. It is excreted in breast milk, so monitor nursing infants closely.
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