Overview
Ibuprofen is a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that effectively reduces inflammation, alleviates pain, and lowers fever. It is commonly indicated for conditions such as muscle aches, joint pain, menstrual cramps, dental pain, and minor injuries.

Mechanism of Action
It functions by non-selectively inhibiting the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, specifically COX-1 and COX-2. These enzymes are responsible for synthesizing prostaglandins—lipid compounds that mediate inflammation, pain signaling, and fever. By reducing prostaglandin production, ibuprofen effectively manages these symptoms.

Dosage and Administration
The standard adult dosage is typically 200 mg to 400 mg every 4 to 6 hours as needed. For over-the-counter use, the daily dose should not exceed 1200 mg, though prescription doses may be higher under medical supervision. It is strongly recommended to take ibuprofen with food or milk to minimize gastrointestinal irritation.

Side Effects
While highly effective, ibuprofen carries a risk of adverse gastrointestinal effects, including stomach upset, indigestion, and potentially severe gastric ulcers or bleeding. Prolonged use or high doses can also increase the risk of cardiovascular events (such as heart attack or stroke) and impair kidney function.

Contraindications
It is contraindicated in patients with a history of severe heart failure, active peptic ulcers, gastrointestinal bleeding, or known hypersensitivity to NSAIDs (including asthma attacks triggered by aspirin). Caution is needed in patients with renal or hepatic impairment.

Pregnancy and Lactation
During pregnancy, particularly in the third trimester, ibuprofen should be avoided due to risks of premature closure of the fetal ductus arteriosus and prolonged labor. It is excreted in breast milk in very small amounts and is generally considered compatible with breastfeeding, but consult a doctor first.